Cancer is one of the most dangerous and common diseases in the world, causing millions of deaths each year. This article will help you have a better understanding of the causes, symptoms, and treatment methods of cancer.
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the abnormal growth of cells that divide uncontrollably and have the potential to invade and destroy normal body tissues.
More than a hundred distinct forms of cancer. Cancer is frequently called for the organ where it originates. For example, lung cancer originates from cells in the lungs, and colon cancer arises from cells in the colon. Additionally, cancer can also be named based on the type of cells that form it, such as carcinoma (cancer of epithelial cells) or sarcoma (cancer of connective tissues). Some cancers also develop from blood cells, known as hematologic malignancies.
Cancer is caused by changes (DNA mutations) in cells. The DNA inside a cell is packaged into a large number of individual genes. Each gene contains a set of instructions telling the cell what functions to perform, as well as how to grow and divide. Errors in these instructions can cause the cell to stop functioning normally, potentially leading to cancer.
These mutations are the most prevalent mutations observed in cancer. However, many other gene mutations can contribute to the disease.
Daily lifestyle habits are also considered one of the factors that increase the risk of cancer. Smoking, drinking more than one alcoholic beverage a day (for women of all ages and men over 65) or two drinks a day (for men 65 and younger), excessive sun exposure or frequent sunburns, obesity, and unsafe sexual practices can all contribute to cancer.
If cancer runs in your family, it is possible that genetic mutations are being passed to the next generations. You can undergo genetic testing to determine whether you have inherited mutations that increase your risk for certain types of cancer. Keep in mind that having a genetic mutation does not necessarily mean you will develop cancer.
Some chronic health conditions, such as ulcerative colitis, can significantly increase the risk of developing cancer. Therefore, people with chronic diseases should consult with their doctors and monitor their health regularly.
Surrounding environments may contain toxic chemicals that increase the risk of cancer. Even if you don’t smoke, you can still inhale secondhand smoke. Chemicals at home or work, such as asbestos and benzene, are also linked to a higher cancer risk.
Cancer symptoms can vary depending on the type of cancer and its location in the body. Here are some common symptoms:
Unusual lumps or swelling: The appearance of lumps or unexplained swelling in the body.
Unexplained weight loss: Sudden weight loss without changes in diet or physical activity.
Chronic fatigue: Persistent feelings of tiredness and exhaustion without a clear cause.
Unjustified pain: Persistent pain in any part of the body that cannot be explained.
Unusual bleeding or discharge: Unusual bleeding or discharge from the body’s natural cavities.
Skin changes:Unhealing sores and alterations in the color or form of moles.
Tumors are classified into two types: benign tumors and malignant tumors.
Benign tumors grow to a certain size and then stop. Malignant tumors, on the other hand, grow uncontrollably. Excessive cell growth leads to the compression and damage of surrounding cells. It can metastasize (spread) to other areas, posing fatal risks to the brain, heart, lungs, and other organs.
Cancer arises from mutations in genes that control cell function, especially those that regulate cell growth and division.
Researchers have found that every cancer cell contains numerous mutations. Some mutations are seen in many types of cancer. Cancers that look similar under the microscope may respond differently to treatment. For example, colorectal cancers without KRAS and BRAF mutations have a better prognosis than those with mutations in either of these two genes. Therefore, the frequency and types of gene mutations are commonly used today to classify cancer subtypes.
Surgery:
Surgical removal of the tumor and surrounding affected tissues. Surgery is often used in the early stages of cancer.
Chemotherapy:
The use of chemical drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments.
Radiation Therapy:
The use of X-rays or other forms of radiation to destroy cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be used before or after surgery, or in combination with chemotherapy.
Immunotherapy:
Stimulates the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells. This treatment includes drugs like interferon and interleukin.
Hormone Therapy:
Uses hormones or hormone-blocking drugs to treat cancers sensitive to hormones, such as breast cancer and prostate cancer.Targeted Therapy:
Uses drugs or other substances to specifically target cancer cells without harming normal cells. Targeted therapy includes drugs like imatinib and trastuzumab.
Don’t smoke and avoid secondhand smoke: Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer and many other diseases.
Having a healthy diet: Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables, and limit red meat and processed foods.
Exercise regularly: Maintain an active lifestyle to reduce the risk of cancer.
Limit alcohol consumption: Alcohol consumption can increase the risk of several types of cancer.
Protect your skin from UV rays: Use sunscreen, wear protective clothing, and avoid excessive sun exposure.
Get vaccinated: Vaccinate against viruses like HPV and hepatitis B to reduce cancer risk.
Cancer screening: Consult with your doctor for cancer screening tests.
Cancer is a complex and dangerous disease, but it can be prevented and treated if detected early. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment methods will provide you with better knowledge to cope with the disease.
